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Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria
''This article was written in April 2012. Feel free to update it if necessary.''
Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria, the largest African country and the continent’s biggest oil exporter, is characterized by low levels of access to an improved water source and limited access to improved sanitation. Responsibility for water supply is shared between three levels of government – federal, state and local. The federal government is in charge of water resources management; state governments have the primary responsibility for urban water supply; and local governments together with communities are responsible for rural water supply. The responsibility for sanitation is not clearly defined. Water supply service quality and cost recovery are low. Water tariffs are low and many water users do not pay their bills. Service providers thus rely mostly on occasional subsidies to cover their operating costs. Investments are mainly financed by foreign donors and fall short of what is needed to achieve a significant increase in access.
==Access==
Water and sanitation coverage rates in Nigeria are amongst the lowest in the world. Access to an improved water source stagnated at 47% from 1990 to 2006, but increased to 54% in 2010. In urban areas, access to an improved water source actually decreased from 80% to 65% in 2006, but it then recovered to 74% in 2010. However, in urban areas access to standpipes substituted to a large extent to piped water access. Access to adequate sanitation decreased from 39% in 1990 to 35% in 2010, with a particularly marked decrease in urban areas. 25% of Nigerians have to use shared sanitation facilities, which are not considered as adequate. 22% are estimated to use other inadequate facilities and another 22% are estimated to defecate in the open.〔WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2010 estimates for (water ) and (sanitation )〕 Adequate sanitation is typically in the form of latrines or septic tanks. Piped sewerage is almost nonexistent. Except for some parts of Abuja and Lagos, no urban community has a sewerage system.〔USAID: (Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile ), ca. 2007〕 A 2006 study estimated that only 1% of Lagos households were connected to sewers.〔Matthew Gandy:(Water, Sanitation, and the Modern City: Colonial and post-colonial experiences in Lagos and Mumbai ), , Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, 2006〕 Lagos has four wastewater treatment plants which have been rehabilitated around 2010. As of 2011, the state planned to build ten new "mega wastewater treatment plants" over the next five years with the help of private investors.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lagos woos investors in wastewater )〕 These have not yet been completed.
The statistics on access to water and sanitation are conflicting, due to divergent definitions, indicators and methodologies applied by different agencies. There is hardly any sector monitoring.〔John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP), Nigeria: (Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet ), no date〕
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